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New Public Management (NPM) is a management/development system that is utilized in companies, agencies and countries in entirety. This system emphasizes the idea that ideas used in the private sector must be successful in the public sector. In this article we will analyze how NPM discussion and investigation of economic and political systems in various countries have helped modernized the public sector and policies on a global spectrum. New Public Management is viewed as a more efficient means of attaining the same product or service; however, citizens are viewed as customers and public servers/administrators hold the title of Public Manager. NPM tries to realign the relationship between expert managers and their political superieors making a parallel relationship between the two. Under NPM, Public Managers have incentive-based motivation and have greater discretion (as opposed to a regulated outcome per scenario, regardless of situation). NPM relies heavily on disaggregation, customer satisfaction, entrepreneurial spirit, and the "Rules of the Game." Proper utilizing of the NPM system allows "the expert manager to have a greater discretion.". "Public Managers under the New Public Management reforms can provide a range of choices from which customers can choose, including the right to opt out of the service delivery system completely". == History and Development == The first practices of New Public Management emerged in the United Kingdom under the leadership of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Playing the functional role of “policy entrepreneur,” as well as the official role of prime minister, Thatcher drove changes in public management policy in such areas as organization and methods, civil service and labor relations, expenditure planning and financial management, audit and evaluation, and procurement. Thatcher's successor, John Mayor, kept public management policy on the agenda of the Conservative government, leading to the implementation of the Next Steps Initiative and the launching of the Citizens Charter Initiative, Competing for Quality, Resource Accounting and Budgeting, and the Private Finance Initiative. In the 1980s, A term coined in the late 1980s to denote a new (or renewed) stress on the importance of management and ‘production engineering’ in public service delivery, often linked to doctrines of economic rationalism (Hood 1989, Pollitt 1993). During this timeframe, public management became an active area of policy-making in numerous other countries, notably in New Zealand, Australia, and Sweden. At the same time, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established its Public Management Committee and Secretariat (PUMA), conferring to public management the status normally accorded more conventional domains of policy. In the 1990s, public management was a major item on President Clinton’s agenda. Early policy actions of the Clinton administration included launching the National Partnership and signing into law the Government Performance and Results Act. At the time of this writing, there are few indications that public management issues will vanish from governmental policy agendas any time soon. A recent study showed that in Italy, municipal directors are aware of a public administration now being oriented toward new public management where they are assessed according to the results they produce. The term New Public Management (NPM) expresses the idea that the cumulative flow of policy decisions over the past twenty years has amounted to a substantial shift in the governance and management of the “state sector” in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Scandinavia, and North America. A benign interpretation is that these decisions have been a defensible, if imperfect, response to policy problems. Those problems as well as their solutions were formulated within the policy-making process. The agenda-setting process, in particular, has been heavily influenced by electoral commitments to improve macro- economic performance and to contain growth in the public sector, as well as by a growing perception of public bureaucracies as being inefficient. The alternative-generation process has been heavily influenced by ideas coming from economics and from various quarters within the field of management. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「New public management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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